Monday, June 1, 2020

Dante Introduces Three Beasts In The Inferno - Free Essay Example

In The Inferno, Dante introduces three beasts, which each individually represent a different symbolic meaning. They do, however, share a collective symbolic meaning, too. The three beasts are the lion, the leopard, and the she-wolf. Collectively, these three beasts share a symbolic meaning in that they represent all of mans sins. Individually, the leopard represents fraud, the lion represents violence, and the she-wolf represents incontinence. The three beasts in The Inferno collectively share a symbolic meaning in representing all of mans sins. The beasts collectively represent all of mans sins, but they also display individual meanings, too. Dante first uses the leopard to represent sins of malice and fraud. He explains that the leopard uses its spots as disguise when it is around its prey. Then when the prey least expects it, the leopard strikes. This trait of the leopard is used to show fraud in humans. Dante explains that people who are frauds usually come across differently. They normally present themselves as trustworthy people, rather than revealing that they are not. In the beginning of Canto XVII, Dante refers to a monster named Geryon. He states that His face was the face of any honest man, / it shone with such a look of benediction; / and all the rest of him was serpentine (Canto XVII 10-12). Here, Dante is referring to Satan, who represents fraud for Christians, and describes him as a snake. The viciousness of Satan is something that can be comparable to the leopard. The next beast that is encountered on the path is the lion. After the leopard, Dante uses the lion to show sins of both violence and ambition. He explains how lions tend to satisfy their own needs by any means, regardless of how violent the needs are. If a lion needs food, it will get food by being violent and ambitious. Lions fear no other animal, and they tend to be very aggressive. Dante shows how lions represent sins of violence and ambition due to their aggressive behavior. He shows that lions are comparable to humans in this aspect because some people become aggressive and violent when they need something. The she-wolf is the third and last beast that is encountered. The last animal that Dante encounters on his trail is a she-wolf. He uses this beast to represent incontinence, adultery, and lust. She-wolves tend to be mysterious creatures and hunt in packs, which may be why Dante used it as the third beast. The sins listed above are sins that are irresistable. This means that if someone were to commit one of these sins, they are bound to follow up with another. The irresistible nature of she-wolves goes along with the irresistible nature of humans when committing these sins. Dante does a good job in using three beasts to represent different sins. He also uses the three beasts to show a collective symbolic meaning. The beasts represent fraud, violence, and incontinence, and together they represent all of mans sins.

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Marketing Plan For Amazon s Marketing Strategy - 1636 Words

Many companies use an array of methods to market products or services. This paper will successfully create and present a marketing campaign for Amazon. According to Amazon (n.d.), most people do not realize that Amazon, one of the world’s leading online retailers, was founded 20 years ago in 1994. Most people believe that Amazon had success since day one, but in fact the company has overcome many bumps in the road to reach the success it is at now. In the beginning, Amazon focused on selling books, but now the company sells a wide range of products from food to electronics. This paper will discuss a marketing plan outline for Amazon, as well as the initiation and marketing of a popular Amazon product, the Kindle. Throughout this paper ideas will be explored regarding its value to customers, SWOT analysis, competitors, conclusions, and references. Keywords: Amazon, marketing plan, products, services, promotion Amazon: Changing the Game If Amazon follows the marketing strategy presented in this paper, it will have greater profits. The business background of Amazon emphasizes modernization in all positions as well as concentrating on its customer desires and demands considerably. The valid approach of Amazon begins with consumers and their fulfillment that truly suggests its vision. Amazon truly believes in innovation and focusing on its consumers. By following the proposed marketing strategy, Amazon will see greater profits. Value to Customers As one of theShow MoreRelatedThe 5 Major Aspects Of Marketing Process1546 Words   |  7 PagesThe 5 Major Aspects of the Marketing Process that Motivated Me the Most The primary objective of marketing is to design and present products to potential customers that match their needs and wants. In the marketing process every purchase is a unique journey. 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This is a great marketing strategy, because it doesn’t allow the consumer to feel that they are walking throughout the store without constant assistant. There are also employees who job is to provide the consumer with samples of products throughout the store on a daily basis, this allows the consumer to try the product before they buy it (Sang-Hung, 2006). This marketing strategy ca n be used as a survey technique that measure whether the productRead MoreApple Inc Strategy And Plans For The Competition1071 Words   |  5 PagesSamsung Galaxy Note 4, Samsung Note Edge and new watches – Samsung Gear S. They are planning to get ahead the competition with Apple Inc. I think at the end of 2014 and in 2015 the competition between Samsung and Apple will be in the high period. After this I don’t think that any other small and large firms can get ahead competition against these two technology firms. Now below I will analyze Apple Inc. strategy and plans for the competition. And also I will show some facts: As we know, Apple CorporationRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Groupon, The New Trend Of Mobile Commerce1209 Words   |  5 PagesCarlo N. Marcelo Bus 100 Marketing Analysis: Groupon, The New Trend of Mobile Commerce Marketing is a fundamental tool for a particular business to communicate its services and goods to the consumers. In this marketing analysis, I would like to introduce with you the online-based company called Groupon through the marketing mix. A marketing mix is a tool of business to use in marketing, which consists of product, price, promotion, and place (distribution). Groupon is a deal-of-the day type

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Edgar Allen Poe The Raven Essay Example For Students

Edgar Allen Poe: The Raven Essay Creating the Melancholic Tone in The Raven Edgar Allan Poes The Raven, representing Poes own introverted crisis of hell, is unusually moving and attractive to the reader. In his essay entitled The Philosophy of Composition, Poe reveals his purpose in writing The Raven and also describes the work of composing the poem as being carefully calculated in all aspects. Of all melancholy topics, Poe wished to use the one that was universally understood, death; specifically death involving a beautiful woman. The apparent tone in Edgar Allan Poes The Raven seemingly represents a very painful condition of mind, an intellect sensitive to madness and the abyss of melancholy brought upon by the death of a beloved lady. The parallelism of Poes own personal problems, with those of the narrator in The Raven, his calculated use of symbolism, and the articulation of language through the use of the ravens refrain, the reader becomes aware of Poes prominent tone of melancholy. A strong device for the melancholic tone in The Raven is Poes use of the first person. Poe used the first person by virtue of the situations in The Raven taking direct influence from Poes life experiences. Among many other misfortunes, including living a life of poverty and being orphaned at a young age, Poes beloved wife Virginnia, died after a long illness. The narrators sorrow for the lost Lenore is paralleled with Poes own grief regarding the death of his wife. Confined in the chamber are memories of her who had frequented it. These ghostly recollections cultivate an enormous motive in the reader to know and be relieved of the bewilderment that plagues the narrator and consequently Poe himself; the narrator ponders whether he will see his wife in the afterlife. After Virginnias lingering death, Poe tried to relieve his grief by drinking. A parallelism is formed in The Raven between the condescending actions of the raven towards the narrator and the taunting of alcohol towards Poe. The raven condescends that Poe will never see his lost love again when uttering forget this lost Lenore (83). Alcohol taunts Poe into ceaseless depression and caused Poe to have a life-long problem with alcoholism, which eventually led to his death. In a similar manner to which the alcohol explored Poes inner devastation, the raven delves into exploration of the narrators innermost fears that he will never see his Lenore again. Lenore, a source for conjuring up the imaginative domain in the persona, is a compulsion that excites the narrators mind into mundane questioning. In the first stanza, questioning from what direction the tapping came, he throws open the door, the narrators nemesis not to be found. Some other realm must be explored if he is to ascertain something about his lost love and the noise which is driving him insane. The narrator then opens the shutter, opening his soul to the outside world. To his surprise, he discovers a raven, a beast upon the sculptured bust above his chamber door (53). The raven directs all further action in the poem, it ridicules and patronizes the narrator throughout the composition and its evil force permeates the air and induces suffering and anguish within the character. Emotions culminate with the attainment of a climax as the narrator faces his confused and disordered world. The narrator, in his madness, shrieks, Get thee back into the tempest and the Nights Plutonian shore! (98). Poes calculated use of symbolism was influential in establishing the literary reputation of The Raven. The raven is established as a symbol for the narrators mournful and ceaseless remembrance of his lost love. .ue750ac56a86566e3528abe2b51bffaac , .ue750ac56a86566e3528abe2b51bffaac .postImageUrl , .ue750ac56a86566e3528abe2b51bffaac .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue750ac56a86566e3528abe2b51bffaac , .ue750ac56a86566e3528abe2b51bffaac:hover , .ue750ac56a86566e3528abe2b51bffaac:visited , .ue750ac56a86566e3528abe2b51bffaac:active { border:0!important; } .ue750ac56a86566e3528abe2b51bffaac .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue750ac56a86566e3528abe2b51bffaac { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue750ac56a86566e3528abe2b51bffaac:active , .ue750ac56a86566e3528abe2b51bffaac:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue750ac56a86566e3528abe2b51bffaac .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue750ac56a86566e3528abe2b51bffaac .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue750ac56a86566e3528abe2b51bffaac .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue750ac56a86566e3528abe2b51bffaac .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue750ac56a86566e3528abe2b51bffaac:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue750ac56a86566e3528abe2b51bffaac .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue750ac56a86566e3528abe2b51bffaac .ue750ac56a86566e3528abe2b51bffaac-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue750ac56a86566e3528abe2b51bffaac:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Uncle Toms Cabin Argumentative Essay The raven is of significant importance to the melancholic theme because it is often seen as being a harbinger of death. Another obvious symbol is the bust of Pallas, the Goddess of Wisdom. This use is symbolic as it leads the narrator to believe that the raven speaks from wisdom. When Poe writes, . ..distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December.. ., he is illustrating a less obvious (7). Both midnight and December symbolize closure, as midnight is the last hour of the day and December is the last month of the year. Midnight and December also represent the anticipation of something new, a change to happen. Symbolism can also be seen in the examination of the chamber. The chamber in which the narrator is positioned is used to signify the loneliness of the man, and the sorrow he feels from the loss of Lenore. The room is richly furnished, and reminds the narrator of his lost love, which helps to create an effect of beauty in the poem. The tempest outside is used to accentuate the isolation of the man, to show a sharp contrast between the calmness in the chamber and the tempestuous night. The articulation of language through the use of the raven and its refrain is also utilized to produce the melancholic tone in The Raven. In the poem it is important that the answers to the questions are already known, to illustrate the self-torture to which the narrator endures. Repetition of Nevermore impedes the speakers mindfulness in all actions, and baffles him into a victimized state of mind. The ravens utterance of language, especially the sole phrase in the refrain is crucial, for the exchange of conversation would not advance without the persona having something to respond to. The poem has a series of consecutive stanzas ending with the line Quoth the Raven Nevermore, which serves to establish the unchangeable supremacy of the raven, and founds the melancholic condition of the man. Articulation of Nevermore also emphasizes the features of the word itself, specifically its meaning. Through focusing on the raven and its raspy Nevermore, an effect is developed that highlights a gloomy and depressed state of mind. A refrain is used throughout Edgar Allan Poes The Raven, to underscore the developing tone of melancholy. The refrain accomplishes this accentuation through its creation of an awareness of the inevitable; realizing that the ravens response to any questions posed will be Nevermore, the character inquires about his lost love, the rare amd radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore, perhaps purposefully to experience further torture and anguish (95). Through The Raven, Poe makes a personal, introverted hell strangely mesmerizing and tasteful to all. The Gothic tone of The Raven, as explained by Poe in his essay entitled The Philosophy of Composition, has greatly influenced my own and presumably other readers understanding of literature with regards to probing of the realms of madness and melancholy. Poes haunting linguistic descriptions, unnerving parallelism between his life and the poem, and alarming yet purposeful exploration of symbolism and situation, draws the reader into spheres of insanity which at once explores the soul and pleases the reader. Words/ Pages : 1,126 / 24

Saturday, April 18, 2020

Musculoskeletal Lecture Notes Essay Example

Musculoskeletal Lecture Notes Essay Musculoskeletal Physiology Be familiar with bones and muscles of body 3 types of muscle skeletal, smooth, cardiac attaches muscle to bone, decreasing angle of Joints during contraction proximal part of esophagi doesnt connect to bone, proximal (upper) conscious control is primary skeletal, distal is involuntary and smooth muscle T- tubules: inside is SEC, deep investigations of plasma membrane in muscle cell PM is sarcoma allows high concentration of Ca, like other CE spaces (ICC Is low) Ca floods into cell through T-tubules at uniform and fast rate Ca signals contraction Triads t tubes with ceroplastic respectful (also high In Ca) on each side, SIR Is resolve for Ca Ca comes In from SIR T-tubule Motor unit Neuromuscular Junction 22. 1. Skeletal muscles are all innervated by somatic nerves, conscious control Neuron goes directly to the muscle and innervated it Motor unit is a single axon and all the muscle fibers it innervates Short distance from terminal of axon and muscle fiber, d/t ACH dumped Into synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on skeletal muscle, when Ach withdrawn muscle relaxes Nerve Impulse down axon, when hits the Exxon terminus It causes a voltage gated Ca channel to pen, wave of depopulation causes Ca to come Into cell (Ca tells cells to do what It does best) and axon terminus releases Its neurotransmitters. ACH) ACH vesicle fuses with plasma membrane, what was inside the vesicle Is now outside the cell, ACH drifts across synaptic cleft to bind to an ACH channel, when 2 Aches bind the channel opens, this allows An to move into the muscle fiber. An wants to go into cell anyways (+ inside). An floods into cell causing muscle fiber to deplorable, causing voltage gated An channel causing further deportation. Ultimately causing voltage dated Ca channel on a T-tubule to open, then Ca flows into cytoplasm from SIR. Rapid influx of Ca throughout muscle cell. We will write a custom essay sample on Musculoskeletal Lecture Notes specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Musculoskeletal Lecture Notes specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Musculoskeletal Lecture Notes specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Ca channels: 1) Voltage gated Ca channel also called: DIP receptors, on T tubule, open d/t deportation of sarcoma. 2) Ca induced Ca channels = reloading channels which are on the SIR and open In response to DIP receptors allowing Ca to come In from SIR. During popularization the Ca gets pumped back Into SIR to Walt for next deportation Muscle Contraction 22. 1. 3 Acting: globular protein thats forms together to make a filament Transmission: small sections that form together and bind to acting at specific place. @ rest covers myosin binding site Trooping: bound to tromping. Parts, l: Ignore C: binds to Ca when it comes into cell T: binds to tromping. When Ca binds to trooping, causes trooping to move tromping exposing the myosin binding site Myosin can now bind to acting, muscle contracts 4 steps to muscle contraction 1 . Myosin head bind to acting filament that has been uncovered, causing release of Phosphate 2. Head of bound myosin flicks, moves one acting globulin, this is the powe r stroke 3. TAP binds to acting head, allowing release of, requires and TAP 4. TAP is hydroxide and head is repositioned As long as Ca is available this will occur. If muscle runs out of TAP = release cant happen = rigor Morris Muscle Fiber Types, Injury Repair 22. 1. 4 Slow oxidative Type 1 more TAP is hydrazine in reposition stage, happens slow high fatigue resistance, lots of oxidative compatibility, aerobic makes TAP as needs it more mitochondria b/c it needs it more myosin RED dark meat (legs walk a lot) doesnt need to store a lot of glycogen smaller and weaker fibers recruit these smaller motor units first Fast oxidative Type AAA Fast glaciology Type b less TAP is hydrazine in reposition stage, happens fast (lox faster) low fatigue resistance, slow oxidative compatibility, anaerobic, blows through TAP fast few mitochondria few capillaries and myosin WHITE breast (wings- seldom) high glycogen content (glycoside) larger and stronger recruit these larger motor units less often Denigrate and innervate (spinal cord injury) other axons will re-innervate those that have been devastated, less fine control Karri poison dart frog Blocks ACH receptor, powerful neuromuscular blockade Colostomies Botulism Causes ACH vesicles to not fuse with PM bottom paralyze muscles, half life is a month or so Colostomies Tennis EXCESSIVE release of ACH, muscle tenses, EX: lock Jaw Mechanical Disorders of the Bone 23. 1. 2 Arthritis- Osteoarthritis Gout Bursitis inflammation of bursa Bone Cancer 1% Dislocation movement of bone out of normal position, no tendon injury Sprains injury to Joint that involves ligament damage Strain occurs to muscles or tendons Fractures Oblique: oblique angle Occult: difficult to visualize, neck of femur Open: skin has been penetrated Pathologic: secondary to another disease EX: CA Segmented: broken into multiple pieces Spiral: oblique angle but spirals, result of twisting force Transverse: straight across Cricketing: cortex is only broken on one side, break doesnt go all the way through Impacted: two ends impacted, pushed one end into other Repair: Casts, external fixation may be needed so pin goes through bone (ankles holds tarsal anchored to tibia) Syphilis- compression fractures, older woman, hump Loriss pregnant women, wet pulls lumbar vertebrae forward increase curvature Scoliosis teenage girls, S-shaped back Treatment: surgery to place intertribal rods Osteoporosis 23. . 3 Osteoporosis loss of bone mass, traceable bone (spongy bone) lots in vertebrates Thinner cortex Estonian: precursor to osteoporosis, some bone loss Women affects men less 1. Men have larger bone mass to begin with 2. Menopause increases rate of bone loss 3. Men die younger, dont have a chance to loss the bone Males continue to produce bone at almost same rate as it is being reabsorbed Descant: X-rays through bone to see attenuation of bones,

Saturday, March 14, 2020

Working (Entirely) from Home

Working (Entirely) from Home You might want to make the switch to freelancing entirely from home if you’re, for example, disabled like me, or you’re reclusive and prefer life behind the keyboard. Here’s how you can run your freelance writing business from home: Choose the right jobs. Some jobs (like travel writing) can’t do without travel: Skip those. Other times editors may make an exception if you explain your situation. Freelance career boards like Problogger and Writers’ Job Board are rich sources for jobs. Cold pitching magazines and blogs is another. Also consider working remotely as a copywriter or editor; look at classifieds like Gumtree, Indeed, Linked-In and Freelancer. Avoid the mills and scams. Many work from home writing jobs online are outright scams or content mills with terrible rates. Things like make money now and 2,000 words at $5 total should set off alarm bells. Scammers like these are rife on sites like Freelancer and best avoided. Real work is found Set your schedule. Plan for work not to interfere with your home life, and the other way around. People will assume you have more free time, so make it clear to everyone when you will be working. It’s hard not to ‘take your work home ’, so know when to switch off, too. Plan your calendar with scheduling software like Thunderbird, EasyAppointments or OpenLava Your house is your office. Dedicate at least one room to work as your office. Minimally include filing cabinets, a bookshelf, desk, comfortable chair, and clear lighting. Think ergonomically; everything comfortably within reach. Decide if you will see clients or interviewees in your home and keep the office neat. Consider the background when you’re interviewing via webcam, including noise. A plain color wall-back with little audio disturbances like wind or electronic hum is ideal. (See Hope’s office background here.) Business expenses change. As a from-home freelancer, your business expenses change. Your rent (or mortgage) pays for your office, and you’ll spend less on items like travel expenses and client dinners but more on utilities and phone plans. Keep track, most importantly for your filing tax returns but also to maintain awareness of where your money is going so you can make informed choices. Privacy and safety. Be sure that people won’t show up at your house unannounced. Never share your address or images of your house and family online. Rent a post box for business correspondence. Stalkers can happen. Consider basic security like a panic button or set your laptop up as a security camera for little to no cost with iSpy or Rear View Mirror. Interviewing remotely. You can conduct most interviews remotely ((whether interviewing someone for a story or being interviewed yourself), via secure email like ProtonMail, phone, webcam or VoIP (like Skype, Appear.in or ooVoo). Ask your source which is best for them, and be flexible for the one who wants to interview you. Double-check technology with a test-run and buy a decent headset and speakers. Logitech, AKG and Sennheiser are good brands. Record and file interviews with permission using software like MP3 Skype Recorder, Automatic Call Recorder (for Android) or Audacity for PC. Working online. Project management tools and cloud services instantly connect you and those you work with. You can upload documents, send messages and upload schedules across the board, and it’s great for keeping track of interviewees and co-workers. basecamp.com/ taskworld.com/ dropbox.com/ Making the switch to a home base? It’s really not as hard as you might think: all it takes is a couple of changes to your routine, and then, of course, a â€Å"do not disturb† sign for the office.

Wednesday, February 26, 2020

Sustainable Energy Development, Transportation and Gas Flaring in the Research Paper

Sustainable Energy Development, Transportation and Gas Flaring in the Niger Delta, Nigeria - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that Nigeria is ranked among the top 10 countries globally with the largest deposits of natural gas. However, much of this gas is flared off, and the volume of the gas flared in a single day is more than the combined energy needs of entire sub-Saharan Africa. This phenomenon has resulted in socioeconomic losses and health problems to the Niger- Delta region, its people and entire Nigeria. Estimates from the World Bank reveal that each year, Nigeria burns natural gas amounting to more than 100 billion cubic meters. Although the world is shifting towards green technologies, there is still a high need for natural gas both for domestic and industrial use. In addition, energy prices are escalating every now and then indicating a global energy shortage. The burning of gas is, therefore, a colossal waste of resources, and especially, in Nigeria where there are huge energy shortages. The main types of energy that Nigeria develops both for its local and export markets are gas oil and gas. Estimates by the US United States Energy Information Administration (EIA) suggest that Nigeria’s oil reserves are about 16-22 billion barrels (3.5Ãâ€"109 m3) but other sources suggest a higher figure of 35.3 billion barrels (5.61Ãâ€"109 m3). These oil reserves make Nigeria the 10th largest petroleum-rich country and the leading in Africa. This oil is located in 159 oil fields and 1481 wells are already in operation. The most productive oil producing region in Nigeria is the southern region or the Niger Delta, specifically the Niger Delta basin. Khan states that this region has 78 of the 159 oil fields.

Monday, February 10, 2020

Report-Analyse Case Suty McDonalds Corp Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Report-Analyse Case Suty McDonalds Corp - Essay Example Proper segmentation, product targeting and positioning are important. McDonalds also needs to be selective in their franchisee selection as it should not disturb the existing franchisees in the region. Customer-oriented approach is essential in the fast food industry. Mass marketing techniques and standardization are no more applicable. Local adaptation is now essential to fight competition. All these indicate that McDonalds need to redefine their marketing strategy. McDonalds, that had once changed the way a nation ate and provided jobs to millions, is now reeling under difficult times. They lag behind in service and quality and despite bringing about changes in their food offers they have met with little success. The main issue is the unpopularity that has developed towards the McDonalds burgers. This has given rise to franchisee relations, downward sales and profits which ultimately are leading to closure of many units across countries. Product diversification without focus, lack of strategic direction and marketing strategies along with the top-down manner in which they dictate the franchisees is responsible for the stunted growth of the company. Attempts to create price war have yielded negative results. The profit margins of the franchisees have reduced between 2-4% against the 15% they enjoyed earlier. The retired CEO has been brought back along with two experienced executives to assist him but there are no signs of recovery. About 30-40% fewer outlets are being added to the chain each year while many close down every month. McDonalds need to realize that their marketing and franchising strategies have to be altered to suit the changed market environment and the ever-changing consumer needs. Kara, Kaynak and Kucukemiroglu (1997) contend that fast-food marketing strategies should have a sound understanding of consumers’ perceptions of and preferences for fast-food outlets and how they differ across cultures/countries. It was assumed in